Toronto
Community Organizations:
RELATED ARTICLES:
| Cleaner’s Action Program (1975) improved working conditions for many Portuguese women | Sol Português – The End of an Era! |
| Leslieville Was Notably Portuguese | Kensington Market – the Genesis |
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THE CITY WITH THE LARGEST POPULATION OF PORTUGUESE-CANADIANS
MUNICIPALITY OF TORONTO’S POPULATION: 6,313,000
STATISTICS FOR THE PORTUGUESE IN TORONTO:
| AS MOTHER TONGUE | AS MOST SPOKEN | KNOWLEDGE OF THE LANGUAGE | BORN IN PORTUGAL | AS ETHNIC ORIGIN |
| 104,305 1.6% of population | 50,210 0.8% of population | 134,220 2.1% of population | 71,045 1.1% of population | 210,425 3.3% of population |
Audio Version:
After the arrival of the ship Saturnia at Halifax’s Pier 21, in 1953, with the first large group of Portuguese immigrants to Canada on board, our presence here began to grow steadily for the decades that followed. Initially, these newcomers were scattered throughout various communities, many of them rural, perhaps as an attempt to make assembly difficult, as some historians have suggested. However, if that was the intention, it clearly did not work. These pioneers began to migrate and to organize in bigger cities like Toronto. By 1956, the foundation for what was to become a tremendous associative movement had begun.
Toronto, along with Montreal, quickly became the preferred destination for most newcomers from Portugal. Thus, it is without surprise that the first Portuguese community associations were formed in these two cities. In Toronto, it was in September of 1956 that a group of ten men founded what was initially called Associação Luso-Canadiana. However, they were forced to change the organization’s name after they realized that another with a similar name had been formed in Montreal, in January of that same year. Thus, First Portuguese Canadian was founded, the first in Toronto and the second oldest in Canada. A year later, Associação Democrática was formed, born out of the need for a political movement given the regime in the homeland.
The 1960s witnessed the second largest wave of immigration and, with it, the formation of even more associations in Toronto. Casa da Madeira was the first to be founded in this decade, in 1963, following the purchase of a property north of Toronto that was used for those who hailed from the Pearl of the Atlantic to gather. Then, in 1969, Casa do Benfica de Toronto was formed. These two organizations, which are still very much active today, became important social and cultural institutions in the Portuguese community. Casa da Madeira became the crib for a few other organizations that were later formed, and Casa do Benfica first turned into a major gathering point for young and old and then, for about a decade encompassing the turn of the millennium, became the most successful club in the history of the Toronto Soccer Association.
It was during the 1970’s that the largest number of Portuguese immigrants arrived in Canada. In total, it is estimated that around 100,000 landed here from Portugal. The community was growing and so was the associative movement. The first organization to be founded in this decade was Amor da Pátria, in 1971. In 1973, Asas do Atlântico and Sport Club Angrense were formed, followed by Associação Cultural do Minho in 1977. Vitória de Setúbal appeared that same year but was recently dissolved, after the turn of the millennium.
By the 1980’s, the community was already well established with media outlets, shops, restaurants, bakeries, and other retail and services that catered to the Portuguese. This promoted a further movement toward the formation of over a dozen more community organizations. Graciosa Community Centre, Sporting Clube Português de Toronto and Rancho Folclórico As Tricanas were the first, in 1980. The following year, Peniche Community Centre was founded, followed by the now defunct Grupo Português Transmontano. The York University Portuguese Association, which recently changed its name to York University Lusophone Association, was formed in 1982 by students of that post-secondary educational institution, becoming the first official student-led Portuguese community organization in Toronto. In 1983, another long-standing and relevant community association was formed: Casa do Alentejo. Casa dos Açores followed, in 1985. In 1986, Toronto witnessed the formation of two organizations that not only represented two distinct regions of Northern Portugal but also two different soccer clubs: Casa dos Poveiros – Varzim Sport Club and Sporting Clube de Braga – Arsenal do Minho. The latter became the first ever winner of the Ontario Cup in soccer. It was exactly out of passion for soccer that Futebol Clube do Porto de Toronto was founded, in 1987, after the azuis e brancos became European champions for the first time, after beating Bayern Munich in the final (2-1). In that same year, the community witnessed the formation of ACAPO, undoubtedly one of the most relevant organizations in Toronto, responsible for the celebration of Dia de Camões e das Comunidades Portuguesas in the city. Rounding off this group of organizations formed during the fourth decade of our presence in Canada is Clube Académico de Viseu, formed in 1989 and rebranded in 2000 as Casas das Beiras.
The decade that followed saw the creation of the last Portuguese community organizations. In total, three associations were formed in successive years. In 1996, the community witnessed a major breakthrough in human rights and social justice with the formation of Associação Arco-Íris, an organization representing the Portuguese LGBTQ2S+ in Toronto. Luso-Cantuna, founded in 1997, quickly turned into a revered and dynamic student-led group that become mostly known for its annual Festival das Tunas, an event that brought together tunas from different parts of the world. Finally, in 1998, the creation of Associação Migrante de Barcelos represents the last of the Portuguese community volunteer organizations founded in Toronto. Although the last to be formed, AM Barcelos, as it is fondly called by its members and supporters, has stood the test of time against the odds that have plagued many other associations in the community in the past two decades.
Beyond these community associations, many other organizations represent Portugal in Toronto, such as the soccer clubs and the ranchos folclóricos. In fact, soccer and folklore seem to be the glue that keeps the newer generations of Luso-Canadians attached to the culture of their parents and grandparents.
Although the community organizations tell a story of cultural preservation through volunteer work, the footprint of our presence in the city goes beyond them. In Toronto, a Portuguese person can go about his or her life without ever having to speak a word of English. This is a reality that has slowly been challenged – and changed – as new generations of Portuguese-Canadians are born.
| With files from Luso-Ontario Magazine, 2008 |
| If you notice errors or misrepresentations in the article, please e-mail contact@lusocanada.com |
| Help us write History. Contribute your story, memory or experience related to this organization by sending an email to contact@lusocanada.com. |
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Cleaner’s Action Program (1975) improved working conditions for many Portuguese women
In 1975, Portuguese women who worked in the cleaning industry were facing serious challenges at their workplace that included low wages, long hours, and dire working conditions. The Cleaner’s Action Program arose out of these circumstances and paved the way for a more favorable working environment for all cleaning workers in Toronto.
Ever since the Portuguese woman began working in the cleaning industry, exploitation occurred, but more so in the early days. By 1975, the situation had become unbearable. Adding to this, the Government of Ontario of the time further complicated the situation after it canceled a contract, initialed negotiated with Local 204 of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) to clean the Queen’s Park complex, and awarded it to a different company.
The Cleaner’s Action Program was headed by Sydney Pratt, who began holding workshops where women could discuss their concerns. This resulted in the launch of a newsletter called Cleaner’s Action Newsletter, which was distributed to cleaners who worked in downtown Toronto. The newsletter provided information on workplace rights and interviews with Portuguese cleaners. As the cleaners enrolled in ESL classes, their command of the English language improved. By 1981, they were writing articles, producing, and editing the newsletter.
This movement granted the women significant improvements and victories in notable workplaces such as the Toronto Dominion Towers, Queen’s Park Complex, and First Canadian Place.
The program eventually turned into something bigger than a labour movement. As women disclosed their work concerns with professionals at St. Christopher House, they also began to talk about their home life. This resulted in the launch of the Domestic Violence Program for Portuguese Women and the Domestic Violence Group Project, which initially targeted Portuguese women. This was the first program geared toward domestic abuse of immigrant women in Toronto. Although it was supported by many in the Portuguese community, the domestic violence program received backlash from many of the more conservative members.
Below is an interview published by Rise Up! with Cleaner’s Action Program founder, Sydney Pratt, and Marcie Ponte, who is a former union organizer for the International Lady Garment Workers Union and former member of the Labour Council. In the interview, they provide us with a more detailed insight into the movement that changed conditions for many cleaning ladies within the Portuguese community.
| If you notice errors or misrepresentations in the article, please e-mail contact@lusocanada.com |
| Help us write History. Contribute your story, memory or experience related to this organization by sending an email to contact@lusocanada.com |
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Sol Português – The End of an Era!
September 11, 2023
Jornal Sol Português has arguably conquered the unofficial title of community leader in print media by publishing articles with high quality and essence. For the past 40 years, it has provided the Portuguese community of the Greater Toronto Area with rigorous coverage of local events and issues as well as vital editorial content from Portugal and the rest of the world. On June 16, 2023, it would grace its readership with its last issue, marking the end of an era for the local community media.
A note, published on its website solnet.com, called “Last Publication of Sol Português”, reads:
| It is with great sadness that we inform our esteemed readers and announcers, as well as the clubs, associations and the Portuguese community in general that this will be the last edition of Jornal Sol Português. For the past 40 years, we have followed the Portuguese community, acting as witness and recorder of its development and growth, as well as its challenges but mostly of its many successes. It was not an easy mission given the challenges and difficulties that characterize the written press, even more so in a country where Portuguese is not the official language, the resources are few and support basically inexistent. However, we are honoured to have contributed to the transformation of a community that is currently, after 70 years of the official Portuguese immigration, ever more involved and integrated in the general Canadian society where many of our members, many of whom we had the opportunity to highlight on our pages, have found success and notability in various fields. When we started this informational journey, the community and the world were very different from today. We are proud to have revolutionized the Portuguese language media in Canada through our example – and not only in the written press. Unlike in those days, the world is profoundly connected and access to information from our home country is instantaneous and immediate, if we so wish. Time has come for us to lay down the pen and rest, aware that the Portuguese community has more information options than ever. Time weighs on us and our health is on the decline. As such, after nearly 2,000 editions of Jornal Sol Português, let us look at this farewell as “holidays” – for many of us, the first in 40 years and very well-deserved – and an opportunity to remain on the “other side” of the writing process while others, undoubtedly, will carry on with the noble mission of informing. Lastly, we would like to take this opportunity to express our most profound and heartfelt gratitude to all the readers, announcers and contributors who, throughout four decades, were part of this journey. Our only objective was always to provide the community with unbiased and objective information, while fostering the spirit of unity among all the Portuguese who chose this country to start a new life, regardless of their place of birth or origin. On behalf of our team, past and present, a great and heartfelt “thank you” to all and wishes of great success to this wonderful community and to all who have fought, fight and will continue to fight for it to become stronger, more integrated in included. – Original, in Portuguese, Translated to English – |
Sol Português is the latest in a list of recently fallen publications that includes several other Portuguese language newspapers based in the Greater Toronto Area such as Voice, Team Desportivo and Jornal Flash, to name a few.
I was part of the journey
Growing up in Portugal, I inevitably shared a dream with every single boy in my village: to become a soccer player. Although this part of my future was not negotiable, I was prepared with a Plan B, which was to become a journalist. After I arrived in Canada at the tender age of 18 with rudimentary knowledge of the English language, I quickly assumed that my hopes of becoming a journalist would not materialize. That is until I saw an advert from Sol Português which called for local contributors. I immediately called and, after a pleasant meeting with António Perinú, I had become the newest contributor of Sol Português, the highest rated newspaper in the community.
I was treated like family from the first day. Sr. Perinú and the entire team were professional, courteous and extremely attentive. They informed me of assignments well in advance and always provided me with the necessary equipment to conduct my work, including cameras, voice recorders and even a computer to write my pieces if I wished to do so at the office. We quickly developed a trusting relationship, which resulted in new assignments for me such as selling advertising and publishing short stories that I had been working on for years. As a community reporter, I had the opportunity to attend dozens of events promoted by our local associations and to meet amazing people, many of whom I still call friends to this day. It was an experience that not only helped me learn a lot but also grow as a person.
Memorable moments include becoming the first in Toronto to interview Shawn Desman and Mariza, and to accompany and witness first-hand the fantastic work community leader, José Eustáquio, performed at ACAPO as he transformed it into the most significant Portuguese community organization in Canada.
Every good story has an end. Even though I had found a great working environment at Sol Português, I needed new challenges – even a son leaves his parents’ home to start a new life. At the time, I had come across a tremendous opportunity to become Editor of Team Desportivo and do what I truly loved, which was to cover community soccer on a regular basis. This experience led me to further my involvement in community media as I later used my accumulated knowledge and experience to found Flash Newspaper with David Silva. To this day, I still believe that my biggest contribution to the community, both at the time and historically, was through Team Desportivo and Jornal Flash…and I owe that to Sol Português because, without the opportunity it had provided me, I would probably never be involved in community media.
The last edition of Sol Português is another clear indication and familiar symptom of the slow decline in community involvement. While it is expected that the phenomenon occur in smaller communities across Canada, it becomes worrisome when references such as a reputable newspaper closes down in the most Portuguese city in the country.
| If you notice errors or misrepresentations in the article, please e-mail contact@lusocanada.com |
| Help us write History. Contribute your story, memory or experience related to this organization by sending an email to contact@lusocanada.com |
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Leslieville Was Notably Portuguese
5 February 2024
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in the following article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position and policy of lusocanada.com, Luso Canada Media Corp. and its administration
The Portuguese diaspora is large, especially among the islanders. Azoreans and Madeirans emigrated far and wide, reaching long distances away from their Atlantic motherland. They landed in places like my hometown, Toronto, where they were able to entrench themselves in the local folklore while maintaining their culture and traditions.
There has been a lot of contribution from the Portuguese in the city’s contemporary days and now, many generations later, they continue to make history. While Toronto has grown amuck with the gentrification of older areas, which has led to parts of its cultural influence getting lost, there are millennials, like myself, who can respectively go back to their childhood neighborhoods and not recognize it as it was. The city is changing, and seemingly faster than ever, as we collectively keep building on the foundation that was set by the pioneers of our communities.
Among the Portuguese, most obvious, has been the mutation of Portugal Village into an array of bars and restaurants that now makes a trendy hotspot to attract hipsters and party goers. Only a few of the Portuguese businesses remain on that strip of Dundas Street where the community earned its namesake. It’s a distant memory of what it once was.
However lesser known, was a decent representation of Luso-Canadians in the east end of Toronto. Leslieville was where this writer grew up and remembers a time when Azoreans composed a large fraction of the neighborhood.
As the area grew with immigrants in the late eighties, St. Joseph’s Catholic Parish on Leslie Street began to offer Mass in Portuguese. The adjacent elementary school had dozens of luso-descendant students to complement the church. An engaged community attended Sunday service with their families. The parish carried old traditions and celebrated festas for the patron saints. Beautiful processions took place around the city block that concluded at the church. That was the center of activity that united everyone alike.
Home video footage from 1991 showcases when this writer paraded for the Espirito Santo Celebration—the Great Feast of the Holy Ghost Festival. My sponsor carried silverware, that of a crown, over my head as done back home on the island. The intersection of Curzon and Queen Street East is ostensibly unrecognizable as the procession turned the corner. The ceremony closed with a large gathering at the parish hall basement. That was one of many parties that happened there. Spectators would behold the wonderful events and receptions. Some of my fondest memories took place during that time with those people that shared my heritage.
Leslieville was filled with Portuguese people who were mostly from the Azores. They found their forever homes away from the saturated west end hub that we all recognize today. My grandparents were one of the first to do so, others followed, and an offshoot from the larger community in Portugal Village was later formed. That’s not the only place they went, as there are multiple areas where the Portuguese decided to plant their flags in the Greater Toronto Area, but Leslieville was one of the larger groups, enough to necessitate their own priest within walking distance.
That was a brief moment in history as the church reverted to an English speaking priest in the mid-nineties. The festivals ceased thereafter however many of those Portuguese people stayed in the area. Many of this writer’s comrades still live there to this day. Like most, they stay connected by keeping close with their family, paying attention to local media outlets that cater to the community, and of course visiting the west end. However that has changed just as much and trekking across the city for weekend shopping at the bakery is undoubtedly less frequented. Both Leslieville and Portugal Village have been gentrified.
As Toronto propels itself with new developments to shape the future, the contributions of immigrants cannot be forgotten. Those pioneers pushed forward to keep expressions of their culture alive and were united on that front. These Portuguese pockets are significant to where we are today. Conclusively, it doesn’t really matter where they land, from east to west, the Portuguese played an integral part in the history of the city and that of the country.
It is this writer’s conviction that we need to preserve the collective memory of their influence on these neighborhoods, as knowing this history will be pivotal to transform the neighborhoods in which we reside. Leslieville was short lived among the Portuguese diaspora, however significant to those that lived within it and still do.
Editor’s note: you can watch a video of the Espirito Santo Parade, at Leslieville, in 1991, here:
About the author: Devin Meireles was born and raised in Toronto, Canada, where growing up around the Portuguese diaspora had a profound effect on him. Now he volunteers to carry on the culture and give back to the community. In 2022, he published a book to preserve his rich Portuguese ancestry, which was a narrative nonfiction novel about his grandparents’ immigration to Canada. He has also been featured in literary journals, health magazines, and cultural newspapers. Apart from creative writing, he enjoys adding to a collection of tattoos, banknotes and travel stamps. His profession is in the healthcare industry as an operations leader where his expertise routinely ensures day-to-day business with high level coordination. He lives near Lake Ontario with his wife and dog.
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Kensington Market – the Genesis
11 February 2024
Secrets travel fast in small villages like the one where I grew up, in Portugal. So, it was no surprise that my father’s covert plan to bring the entire family to Canada swiftly bounced off the cobblestones that paved the narrow streets and into the ears of everyone, even of those less curious. In those days, there was no internet or cellular phones, but somehow the news spread well beyond the borders of my humble locality, right across the Atlantic, faster than the defunct Concord. One day my father was making the announcement privately, and the next our home phone was ringing off the hook. One such call was from an older acquaintance who lived in Toronto. He wanted to speak with my father, but I was the only one home. He probed and queried, but I had few answers to give. At some point, I asked him to leave his address so we could meet when we would get to Toronto. His reply: “You don’t need my address. I am sure we will meet at Augusta.” And with that, the line went dead.
I shrugged that comment off and decided to give it little relevance, but I consciously stored it in my memory to eventually test my acquaintance’s assertion. For some time, I wondered what Augusta was. Was it a town, a park, a street, or someone’s home? I was curious, I confess, but I also wished I would never find out because, at the time, I hated the idea of moving to Canada.
My world shattered as I left Portugal and arrived in Toronto. It was February 28, 1991. The piercing cold froze my tears, but the whole of my soul wailed in despair. Although I had arrived in Canada, my heart was still back home and, with it, all my thoughts. By then, the idea of meeting my acquaintance at Augusta had been buried deep into my subconscious. It was no longer relevant. I just wanted to go back to my small and insignificant village nestled between a forest and the Cavado River, in northern Portugal.
My parents rented a basement on Borden Street, just north of College, near Kensington Market. The first few days in a new country could have been of wonder but I elected to stay indoors so my tears would not freeze. I spent days crying for my grandparents, all my childhood friends, and Susana, the girl I knew would eventually break my heart…but I still missed her. My parents tried getting me out of the house, but to no avail. I had tears to cry. However, one day, they dried out and a glimpse of hope ignited in my heart. I walked the snow-covered streets and ended up at Dufferin Mall. Penniless, I admired store windows and marveled at the number of people who spoke Portuguese around me. Unexpectedly, for the first time, I felt that Canada could be home.
Now willing to give Toronto a fair chance, I accepted my mother’s invitation to shop for grocery essentials at Kensington Market, right around the corner from us. We walked east along College Street, passing the old fire hall and a myriad of people who paraded the busy sidewalk, until we made a sharp turn heading south on an even busier street. A momentary shiver glazed the surface of my skin when I looked at the street sign. It read, ‘Augusta Avenue’. That phone call from a year before invaded my conscious mind and the words my acquaintance had proffered lingered in my brain while I marveled at people shopping the crowded stores that lined the famed avenue. My eyes began to frantically scan all the faces while my ears tuned to hundreds of people speaking my native language. If I closed my eyes, it could have been any Thursday at my town’s weekly market back in Portugal. Amongst such familiar horde, I wondered: would my acquaintance’s prophesized words finally come true?
My mother busied herself bagging apples and bananas while I balanced the spoils of our spree on both hands. A tap on my shoulder forced me to grasp tighter onto the dangling plastic bags as I turned to meet a familiar face covered with an expression of ‘I-told-you-so’. Then, he uttered it aloud: “I told you we would meet at Augusta!”
A FAMILIAR ENCOUNTER
My personal encounter mirrored, in a much smaller scale, many others throughout the first forty odd years of the Portuguese presence in Canada. The area of Kensington Market was, in essence, the birthplace of our community in Toronto and, for many decades, its hub.
The Jewish community, mostly fleeing from Hungary, was the largest in the area since the fifties, although the Portuguese certainly gave them a run for their money for the four decades that followed. Men from all regions of Portugal arrived in the neighourhood and rented single rooms to save money. Some dreamt of returning home, but the vast majority ended up staying and calling for their families. Once reunited with their wives and children, they purchased or rented homes in the area and continued to frequent Augusta Avenue and its adjacent arteries.
This large influx of Portuguese naturally led to the creation of business and social organizations in the area. Sousa’s Restaurant opened at the corner of Nassau Street and Bellevue Avenue, the Portuguese Book Store followed just across the street, then a store called Casa Açoreana on Baldwin Street, and shortly after Lisbon Bakery graced the newly formed community with the first batch of authentic Portuguese bread and pastries in Canada. St. Christopher House provided English lessons and day-care facilities for the Portuguese immigrants, as well as support with government documents and other issues, and soon an official Portuguese Consulate was inaugurated to serve the growing population.
In 1956, First Portuguese Canadian Club was founded. Situated near Sousa’s Restaurant, it offered cultural, sporting and social activities and supported the entire community with varied issues. It was within the walls of the association that the first folk-dance group in Canada was formed (Grupo Folclórico da Nazaré) as well as many other organizations throughout the years, including the Association of Portuguese Clubs and Associations of Ontario (ACAPO). For many, First Portuguese was the place of reference for all aspects of life, including acquiring information on governmental matters and filling out official documents.
St. Mary’s Church, located on Bathurst Street, just southwest of Kensington Market, became the community’s parish, although a German priest who worked briefly in Brazil already celebrated mass in Portuguese at St. Michael’s Cathedral in the early fifties. By the end of the decade, St. Mary’s Parish had a full-time Portuguese priest and, in 1964, two other pastors arrived to support a vigorous community.
Although many businesses and organizations were formed, few remained in the area past the first three decades. Tivoli Billiards, founded in the early sixties, was one such exception as it witnessed the glorious days of wonder and later the exodus of the community onto other parts of the city. Legend goes that taxi drivers at Lester B. Pearson International did not need further information after learning that the traveler was a new Portuguese immigrant. They would simply drop the customer off in front of Tivoli Billiards. Here, newcomers from Portugal would find work and a place to stay, all in the same day.
After I arrived in Canada, in 1991, my father would bring me to Tivoli, along with my brothers, each Sunday morning after church. The place was always packed, even though it did not serve alcohol at the time. A cloud of cigarette smoke lingered in the air as dozens of men talked loudly and sipped on coffee and soft drinks. Along the long hall, there were more than a dozen pool tables, all of them occupied by players who enchanted a curious audience, while others patiently waited for their turn to play. At the establishment, I met Portuguese Canadians from all walks of life, from men who performed menial tasks to the person who had become a self-made millionaire. For many like me, Tivoli had become the centre of the community, as it remained the meeting point for several years after my arrival in Canada.
It was at the establishment that I celebrated, along with my brothers and friends, Toronto Argonaut’s Grey Cup Championship and Portugal U-20 FIFA World Cup final win over Brazil in 1991, Blue Jays’ MLB World Series wins in 1992 and 1993, Toronto Maple Leafs unbelievable run that ended with a bitter loss to the L.A. Kings in 1993, and Benfica’s unforgettable 4-4 tie at Bayer Leverkursen in 1994, among so many other memories.
After we moved out of the area, Tivoli Billiards kept on calling us back. Although there were several Portuguese bars and cafes in our neighbourhood, my brothers and I, along with an ensemble of friends, drove to Tivoli more than half an hour each way to either play pool or watch soccer games on television. This went on for many years until the establishment closed permanently, right at the turn of the new millennium. The event not only marked the end of an era for newcomers like me, but it especially closed a remarkable and enduring chapter in the history of the Portuguese community in Toronto.
Although a few remnants of the Portuguese presence can still be found in the area of Kensington Market, those less knowledgeable of the neighbourhood’s history would not tell of the extraordinary influence it once had on the shaping of the community. Portuguese is no longer widely spoken on the sidewalks that line Augusta Avenue, and newcomers no longer meet long lost acquaintances here. Fading individual and collective memory, along with a scarce number of academic research and newspaper reports, remain as treasured accounts of this rich history, one we cannot allow to vanish along with the passing of those who personally experienced it.
| Help us expand on this segment of our History. Contact us if you you would like to share your memory or experience related to Kensington Market or if you know someone who can help us expand on this part of our history. We also welcome photos and your own articles, written in either Portuguese or English. Let’s write history together. |